A Lexical and Grammatical Analysis of the Verbs ἀγαπάω and φιλέω in John 21:15–17

Abstract

John 21:15-17 is one of the most widely discussed passages in New Testament studies because it records the dialogue between Jesus and Simon Peter after Jesus’ resurrection. Within this conversation, two Greek verbs that are both translated as “to love” appear, namely ἀγαπάω (agapaō) and φιλέω (phileō). The differing use of these terms has generated various interpretations. Some interpreters argue that ἀγαπάω refers to divine and unconditional love, whereas φιλέω denotes a lower form of affectionate or friendship love. In contrast, many contemporary New Testament scholars maintain that the Gospel of John frequently employs these terms interchangeably, suggesting that their semantic distinction should not be overstated. This study aims to examine the use of these two verbs through a literal and grammatical hermeneutical approach by considering the narrative context, Greek linguistic structure, and theological background of the Johannine Gospel. The research employs a qualitative library research method, involving an analysis of the Greek text of John 21:15-17 and a critical engagement with relevant scholarly perspectives. The findings indicate that although ἀγαπάω and φιλέω possess different semantic nuances in general Greek usage, the Gospel of John often uses them interchangeably. Consequently, the primary focus of this passage is not the distinction between different levels of love, but rather Peter’s restoration after his denial of Jesus, the reaffirmation of his relationship with Christ, and his pastoral commission to shepherd God's people. In this passage, love for Christ is expressed through faithfulness, obedience, and commitment to ministry. Therefore, John 21:15-17 emphasizes that genuine love for Christ does not end with verbal confession but must be demonstrated through a life of service centered on the care and well-being of God's.